| Exam Code | KCSA |
| Exam Name | Kubernetes and Cloud Native Security Associate (KCSA) |
| Questions | 60 Questions Answers With Explanation |
| Update Date | June 13,2026 |
| Price |
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A user runs a command with kubectl to apply a change to a deployment. What is the first Kubernetescomponent that the request reaches?
A. Kubernetes Controller Manager
B. Kubernetes API Server
C. Kubernetes Scheduler
D. kubelet
On a client machine, what directory (by default) contains sensitive credential information?
A. /etc/kubernetes/
B. $HOME/.kube
C. /opt/kubernetes/secrets/
D. $HOME/.config/kubernetes/
What information is stored in etcd?
A. Etcd manages the configuration data, state data, and metadata for Kubernetes.
B. Application logs and monitoring data for auditing and troubleshooting purposes.
C. Sensitive user data such as usernames and passwords.
D. Pod data contained in Persistent Volume Claims (e.g. hostPath).
What is the purpose of an egress NetworkPolicy?
A. To control the incoming network traffic to a Kubernetes cluster.
B. To control the outbound network traffic from a Kubernetes cluster.
C. To secure the Kubernetes cluster against unauthorized access.
D. To control the outgoing network traffic from one or more Kubernetes Pods.
When using a cloud provider's managed Kubernetes service, who is responsible for maintaining theetcd cluster?
A. Kubernetes administrator
B. Namespace administrator
C. Cloud provider
D. Application developer
Which of the following statements correctly describes a container breakout?
A. A container breakout is the process of escaping the container and gaining access to the Pod'snetwork traffic
B. A container breakout is the process of escaping a container when it reaches its resource limits.
C. A container breakout is the process of escaping the container and gaining access to the cloudprovider's infrastructure
D. A container breakout is the process of escaping the container and gaining access to the hostoperating system.
In order to reduce the attack surface of the Scheduler, which default parameter should be set to false?
A. --scheduler-name
B. --profiling
C. --secure-kubeconfig
D. --bind-address
Which information does a user need to verify a signed container image?
A. The image's SHA-256 hash and the private key of the signing authority.
B. The image's digital signature and the private key of the signing authority.
C. The image's SHA-256 hash and the public key of the signing authority.
D. The image's digital signature and the public key of the signing authority.
A cluster is failing to pull more recent versions of images from k8s.gcr.io. Why may this be?
A. There is a network connectivity issue between the cluster and k8s.gcr.io.
B. There is a bug in the container runtime or the image pull process.
C. The authentication credentials for accessing k8s.gcr.io are incorrectly scoped.
D. The container image registry k8s.gcr.io has been deprecated.
What is the reasoning behind considering the Cloud as the trusted computing base of a Kubernetes cluster?
A. The Cloud enforces security controls at the Kubernetes cluster level, so application developers can focus on applications only.
B. A Kubernetes cluster can only be trusted if the underlying Cloud provider is certified against international standards.
C. A vulnerability in the Cloud layer has a negligible impact on containers due to Linux isolation mechanisms.
D. A Kubernetes cluster can only be as secure as the security posture of its Cloud hosting.
What kind of organization would need to be compliant with PCI DSS?
A. Retail stores that only accept cash payments.
B. Government agencies that collect personally identifiable information.
C. Non-profit organizations that handle sensitive customer data.
D. Merchants that process credit card payments.
Which way of defining security policy brings consistency, minimizes toil, and reduces the probabilityof misconfiguration?
A. Using a declarative approach to define security policies as code.
B. Relying on manual audits and inspections for security policy enforcement.
C. Manually configuring security controls for each individual resource, regularly.
D. Implementing security policies through manual scripting on an ad-hoc basis.
How can a user enforce the Pod Security Standard without third-party tools?
A. Through implementing Kyverno or OPA Policies.
B. Use the PodSecurity admission controller.
C. It is only possible to enforce the Pod Security Standard with additional tools within the cloud native ecosystem.
D. No additional measures have to be taken to enforce the Pod Security Standard.
Which label should be added to the Namespace to block any privileged Pods from being created in that Namespace?
A. privileged: false
B. privileged: true
C. pod-security.kubernetes.io/enforce: baseline
D. pod.security.kubernetes.io/privileged: false
A cluster administrator wants to enforce the use of a different container runtime depending on the application a workload belongs to.
A. By manually modifying the container runtime for each workload after it has been created.
B. By modifying the kube-apiserver configuration file to specify the desired container runtime for each application
. C. By configuring a validating admission controller webhook that verifies the container runtime based on the application label and rejects requests that do not comply.
D. By configuring a mutating admission controller webhook that intercepts new workload creation requests and modifies the container runtime based on the application label.
In the event that kube-proxy is in a CrashLoopBackOff state, what impact does it have on the Podsrunning on the same worker node?
A. The Pods cannot communicate with other Pods in the cluster.
B. The Pod cannot mount persistent volumes through CSI drivers.
C. The Pod's security context restrictions cannot be enforced.
D. The Pod's resource utilization increases significantly.
In which order are the validating and mutating admission controllers run while the Kubernetes API server processes a request? A
. The order of execution varies and is determined by the cluster configuration.
B. Validating admission controllers run before mutating admission controllers.
C. Validating and mutating admission controllers run simultaneously.
D. Mutating admission controllers run before validating admission controllers.
Which technology can be used to apply security policy for internal cluster traffic at the applicationlayer of the network?
A. Network Policy
B. Ingress Controller
C. Container Runtime
D. Service Mesh
Which of the following statements is true concerning the use of microVMs over user-space kernel implementations for advanced container sandboxing?
A. MicroVMs allow for easier container management and orchestration than user-space kernel implementation.
B. MicroVMs offer higher isolation than user-space kernel implementations at the cost of a higher per-instance memory footprint.
C. MicroVMs provide reduced application compatibility and higher per-system call overhead than user-space kernel implementations.
D. MicroVMs offer lower isolation and security compared to user-space kernel implementations.
To restrict the kubelet's rights to the Kubernetes API, what authorization mode should be set on the Kubernetes API server?
A. Node
B. AlwaysAllow
C. kubelet
D. Webhook
Which of the following statements best describe container image signing and verification in the cloudenvironment?
A. Container image signatures and their verification ensure their authenticity and integrity againsttampering
B. Container image signatures are concerned with defining developer ownership of applicationswithin multi-tenant environments.
C. Container image signatures are mandatory in cloud environments, as cloud providers would denythe execution of unsigned container images
D. Container image signatures affect the performance of containerized applications, as they increasethe size of images with additional metadata.
Given a standard Kubernetes cluster architecture comprising a single control plane node (hosting both etcd and the control plane as Pods) and three worker nodes, which of the following data flows crosses a trust boundary?
A. From kubelet to Container Runtime
B. From kubelet to API Server
C. From kubelet to Controller Manager
D. From API Server to Container Runtime
As a Kubernetes and Cloud Native Security Associate, a user can set up audit logging in a cluster. What is the risk of logging every event at the full RequestResponse level?
A. No risk, as it provides the most comprehensive audit trail.
B. Increased storage requirements and potential impact on performance.
C. Improved security and easier incident investigation.
D. Reduced storage requirements and faster performance.
In Kubernetes, what is Public Key Infrastructure used for?
A. To manage certificates and ensure secure communication in a Kubernetes cluster.
B. To automate the scaling of containers in a Kubernetes cluster.
C. To manage networking in a Kubernetes cluster.
D. To monitor and analyze performance metrics of a Kubernetes cluster.
What is Grafana?
A. A cloud-native distributed tracing system for monitoring microservices architectures.
B. A container orchestration platform for managing and scaling applications.
C. A platform for monitoring and visualizing time-series data.
D. A cloud-native security tool for scanning and detecting vulnerabilities in Kubernetes clusters.
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