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Which is the best way to specify a tag of v1.0.0 when referencing a module stored in Git (for example. Git::https://example.com/vpc.git)?
A. Append pref=v1.0.0 argument to the source path B. Add version = œ1.0.0 parameter to module block C. Nothing modules stored on GitHub always default to version 1.0.0
Answer: A Explanation:The best way to specify a tag of v1.0.0 when referencing a module stored in Git is to append ?ref=v1.0.0 argument to the source path. This tells Terraform to use a specific Git reference, such as a branch, tag, or commit, when fetching the module source code. For example, source = "git::https://example.com/vpc.git?ref=v1.0.0". This ensures that the module version is consistent and reproducible across different environments. Reference = [Module Sources], [Module Versions]
Question # 2
Terraform configuration can only import modules from the public registry.
A. True B. False
Answer: B Explanation:Terraform configuration can import modules from various sources, not only from the public registry.Modules can be sourced from local file paths, Git repositories, HTTP URLs, Mercurial repositories, S3 buckets, and GCS buckets. Terraform supports a number of common conventions and syntaxes for specifying module sources, as documented in the [Module Sources] page. Reference = [Module Sources]
Question # 3
Which configuration consistency errors does terraform validate report?
A. Terraform module isn't the latest version B. Differences between local and remote state C. Declaring a resource identifier more than once D. A mix of spaces and tabs in configuration files
Answer: C Explanation:Terraform validate reports configuration consistency errors, such as declaring a resource identifier more than once. This means that the same resource type and name combination is used for multiple resource blocks, which is not allowed in Terraform. For example, resource "aws_instance" "example" {...} cannot be used more than once in the same configuration. Terraform validate does not report errors related to module versions, state differences, or formatting issues, as these are not relevant for checking the configuration syntax and structure. Reference = [Validate Configuration], [Resource Syntax]
Question # 4
When should you use the force-unlock command?
A. You have a high priority change B. Automatic unlocking failed C. apply failed due to a state lock D. You see a status message that you cannot acquire the lock
Answer: B Explanation:You should use the force-unlock command when automatic unlocking failed. Terraform will lock yourstate for all operations that could write state, such as plan, apply, or destroy. This prevents othersfrom acquiring the lock and potentially corrupting your state. State locking happens automatically onall operations that could write state and you wont see any message that it is happening. If statelocking fails, Terraform will not continue. You can disable state locking for most commands with the -lock flag but it is not recommended. If acquiring the lock is taking longer than expected, Terraformwill output a status message. If Terraform doesnt output a message, state locking is still occurring ifyour backend supports it. Terraform has a force-unlock command to manually unlock the state ifunlocking failed. Be very careful with this command. If you unlock the state when someone else isholding the lock it could cause multiple writers. Force unlock should only be used to unlock your ownlock in the situation where automatic unlocking failed. To protect you, the force-unlock commandrequires a unique lock ID. Terraform will output this lock ID if unlocking fails. This lock ID acts as anonce, ensuring that locks and unlocks target the correct lock. The other situations are not validreasons to use the force-unlock command. You should not use the force-unlock command if you havea high priority change, if apply failed due to a state lock, or if you see a status message that youcannot acquire the lock. These situations indicate that someone else is holding the lock and youshould wait for them to finish their operation or contact them to resolve the issue. Using the forceunlockcommand in these cases could result in data loss or inconsistency. Reference = [State Locking],[Command: force-unlock]
Question # 5
Which of these statements about Terraform Cloud workspaces is false?
A. They have role-based access controls B. You must use the CLI to switch between workspaces C. Plans and applies can be triggered via version control system integrations D. They can securely store cloud credentials
Answer: B Explanation:The statement that you must use the CLI to switch between workspaces is false. Terraform Cloudworkspaces are different from Terraform CLI workspaces. Terraform Cloud workspaces are requiredand represent all of the collections of infrastructure in an organization. They are also a majorcomponent of role-based access in Terraform Cloud. You can grant individual users and user groupspermissions for one or more workspaces that dictate whether they can manage variables, performruns, etc. You can create, view, and switch between Terraform Cloud workspaces using the TerraformCloud UI, the Workspaces API, or the Terraform Enterprise Provider5. Terraform CLI workspaces areoptional and allow you to create multiple distinct instances of a single configuration within oneworking directory. They are useful for creating disposable environments for testing or experimentingwithout affecting your main or production environment. You can create, view, and switch betweenTerraform CLI workspaces using the terraform workspace command6. The other statements aboutTerraform Cloud workspaces are true. They have role-based access controls that allow you to assignpermissions to users and teams based on their roles and responsibilities. You can create and manageroles using the Teams API or the Terraform Enterprise Provider7. Plans and applies can be triggeredvia version control system integrations that allow you to link your Terraform Cloud workspaces toyour VCS repositories. You can configure VCS settings, webhooks, and branch tracking to automateyour Terraform Cloud workflow8. They can securely store cloud credentials as sensitive variables thatare encrypted at rest and only decrypted when needed. You can manage variables using theTerraform Cloud UI, the Variables API, or the Terraform Enterprise Provider9. Reference =[Workspaces]5, [Terraform CLI Workspaces]6, [Teams and Organizations]7, [VCS Integration]8,[Variables]9
Question # 6
Which of these ate secure options for storing secrets for connecting to a Terraform remote backend?Choose two correct answers.
A. A variable file B. Defined in Environment variables C. Inside the backend block within the Terraform configuration D. Defined in a connection configuration outside of Terraform
Answer: B, D Explanation: Environment variables and connection configurations outside of Terraform are secure options forstoring secrets for connecting to a Terraform remote backend. Environment variables can be used toset values for input variables that contain secrets, such as backend access keys or tokens. Terraformwill read environment variables that start with TF_VAR_ and match the name of an inputvariable. For example, if you have an input variable called backend_token, you can set its value withthe environment variable TF_VAR_backend_token1. Connection configurations outside of Terraformare files or scripts that provide credentials or other information for Terraform to connect to a remotebackend. For example, you can use a credentials file for the S3 backend2, or a shell script for theHTTP backend3. These files or scripts are not part of the Terraform configuration and can be storedsecurely in a separate location. The other options are not secure for storing secrets. A variable file isa file that contains values for input variables. Variable files are usually stored in the same directory asthe Terraform configuration or in a version control system. This exposes the secrets to anyone whocan access the files or the repository. You should not store secrets in variable files1. Inside thebackend block within the Terraform configuration is where you specify the type and settings of theremote backend. The backend block is part of the Terraform configuration and is usually stored in aversion control system. This exposes the secrets to anyone who can access the configuration or therepository. You should not store secrets in the backend block4. Reference = [Terraform InputVariables]1, [Backend Type: s3]2, [Backend Type: http]3, [Backend Configuration]4
Question # 7
Which are forbidden actions when the terraform state file is locked? Choose three correct answers.
A. Terraform state list B. Terraform destroy C. Terraform validate D. Terraform validate E. Terraform for F. Terraform apply
Answer: B, C, F Explanation:The terraform state file is locked when a Terraform operation that could write state is in progress.This prevents concurrent state operations that could corrupt the state. The forbidden actions whenthe state file is locked are those that could write state, such as terraform apply, terraformdestroy, terraform refresh, terraform taint, terraform untaint, terraform import, and terraform state*. The terraform validate command is also forbidden, because it requires an initialized workingdirectory with the state file. The allowed actions when the state file is locked are those that only readstate, such as terraform plan, terraform show, terraform output, and terraform console. Reference =[State Locking] and [Command: validate]
Question # 8
Which of the following methods, used to provision resources into a public cloud, demonstrates the
concept of infrastructure as code?
A. curl commands manually run from a terminal B. A sequence of REST requests you pass to a public cloud API endpoint Most Voted C. A script that contains a series of public cloud CLI commands D. A series of commands you enter into a public cloud console
Answer: C Explanation:The concept of infrastructure as code (IaC) is to define and manage infrastructure using code, ratherthan manual processes or GUI tools. A script that contains a series of public cloud CLI commands isan example of IaC, because it uses code to provision resources into a public cloud. The other optionsare not examples of IaC, because they involve manual or interactive actions, such as running curlcommands, sending REST requests, or entering commands into a console. Reference = [Introductionto Infrastructure as Code with Terraform] and [Infrastructure as Code]
Question # 9
Which of the following should you put into the required_providers block?
A. version >= 3.1 B. version = œ>= 3.1 C. version ~> 3.1
Answer: B Explanation:The required_providers block is used to specify the provider versions that the configuration can workwith. The version argument accepts a version constraint string, which must be enclosed in doublequotes. The version constraint string can use operators such as >=, ~>, =, etc. to specify theminimum, maximum, or exact version of the provider. For example, version = ">= 3.1" means thatthe configuration can work with any provider version that is 3.1 or higher. Reference = [ProviderRequirements] and [Version Constraints]
Question # 10
When using Terraform to deploy resources into Azure, which scenarios are true regarding state files?(Choose two.)
A. When you change a Terraform-managed resource via the Azure Cloud Console, Terraform updatesthe state file to reflect the change during the next plan or apply B. Changing resources via the Azure Cloud Console records the change in the current state file C. When you change a resource via the Azure Cloud Console, Terraform records the changes in a newstate file D. Changing resources via the Azure Cloud Console does not update current state file
Answer: AD Explanation:Terraform state is a representation of the infrastructure that Terraform manages. Terraform usesstate to track the current status of the resources it creates and to plan future changes. However,Terraform state is not aware of any changes made to the resources outside of Terraform, such asthrough the Azure Cloud Console, the Azure CLI, or the Azure API. Therefore, changing resources viathe Azure Cloud Console does not update the current state file, and it may cause inconsistencies orconflicts with Terraforms desired configuration. To avoid this, it is recommended to manageresources exclusively through Terraform or to use the terraform import command to bring existingresources under Terraforms control.When you change a Terraform-managed resource via the Azure Cloud Console, Terraform does notimmediately update the state file to reflect the change. However, the next time you run terraformplan or terraform apply, Terraform will compare the state file with the actual state of the resources inAzure and detect any drifts or differences. Terraform will then update the state file to match thecurrent state of the resources and show you the proposed changes in the execution plan. Dependingon the configuration and the change, Terraform may try to undo the change, modify the resourcefurther, or recreate the resource entirely. To avoid unexpected or destructive changes, it isrecommended to review the execution plan carefully before applying it or to use the terraformrefresh command to update the state file without applying any changes.Reference = Purpose of Terraform State, Terraform State, Managing State, Importing Infrastructure,[Command: plan], [Command: apply], [Command: refresh]
Question # 11
When you use a remote backend that needs authentication, HashiCorp recommends that you:
A. Write the authentication credentials in the Terraform configuration files B. Keep the Terraform configuration files in a secret store C. Push your Terraform configuration to an encrypted git repository D. Use partial configuration to load the authentication credentials outside of the Terraform code
Answer: D
Explanation: This is the recommended way to use a remote backend that needs authentication, as it allows you toprovide the credentials via environment variables, command-line arguments, or interactive prompts,without storing them in the Terraform configuration files.
Question # 12
Which option cannot be used to keep secrets out of Terraform configuration files?
A. A Terraform provider B. Environment variables C. A -var flag D. secure string
Answer: D Explanation:A secure string is not a valid option to keep secrets out of Terraform configuration files. A securestring is a feature of AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store that allows you to store sensitive dataencrypted with a KMS key. However, Terraform does not support secure strings natively and requiresa custom data source to retrieve them. The other options are valid ways to keep secrets out ofTerraform configuration files. A Terraform provider can expose secrets as data sources that can bereferenced in the configuration. Environment variables can be used to set values for input variablesthat contain secrets. A -var flag can be used to pass values for input variables that contain secretsfrom the command line or a file. Reference = [AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store], [TerraformAWS Provider Issue #55], [Terraform Providers], [Terraform Input Variables]
Question # 13
If you manually destroy infrastructure, what is the best practice reflecting this change in Terraform?
A. Run terraform refresh B. It will happen automatically C. Manually update the state fire D. Run terraform import
Answer: B Explanation:If you manually destroy infrastructure, Terraform will automatically detect the change and updatethe state file during the next plan or apply. Terraform compares the current state of the infrastructurewith the desired state in the configuration and generates a plan to reconcile the differences. If aresource is missing from the infrastructure but still exists in the state file, Terraform will attempt torecreate it. If a resource is present in the infrastructure but not in the state file, Terraform will ignoreit unless you use the terraform import command to bring it under Terraformsmanagement. Reference = [Terraform State]
Question # 14
Which of the following statements about Terraform modules is not true?
A. Modules can call other modules B. A module is a container for one or more resources C. Modules must be publicly accessible D. You can call the same module multiple times
Answer: C
Explanation: This is not true, as modules can be either public or private, depending on your needs andpreferences. You can use the Terraform Registry to publish and consume public modules, or useTerraform Cloud or Terraform Enterprise to host and manage private modules.
Question # 15
Which of the following commands would you use to access all of the attributes and details of aresource managed by Terraform?
A. terraform state list ˜provider_type.name B. terraform state show ˜provider_type.name C. terraform get ˜provider_type.name D. terraform state list
Answer: B Explanation:The terraform state show command allows you to access all of the attributes and details of aresource managed by Terraform. You can use the resource address (e.g. provider_type.name) as anargument to show the information about a specific resource. The terraform state list command onlyshows the list of resources in the state, not their attributes. The terraform get command downloadsand installs modules needed for the configuration. It does not show any information aboutresources. Reference = [Command: state show] and [Command: state list]
Question # 16
You want to define a single input variable to capture configuration values for a server. The values
must represent memory as a number, and the server name as a string.
Which variable type could you use for this input?
A. List B. Object C. Map D. Terraform does not support complex input variables of different types
Answer: B
Explanation:
This is the variable type that you could use for this input, as it can store multiple attributes of
different types within a single value. The other options are either invalid or incorrect for this use
case.
Question # 17
You are working on some new application features and you want to spin up a copy of your productiondeployment to perform some quick tests. In order to avoid having to configure a new state backend,what open source Terraform feature would allow you create multiple states but still be associatedwith your current code?
A. Terraform data sources B. Terraform local values C. Terraform modules D. Terraform workspaces E. None of the above
Answer: D Explanation: Terraform workspaces allow you to create multiple states but still be associated with your current code. Workspaces are like œenvironments (e.g. staging, production) for the same configuration. Youcan use workspaces to spin up a copy of your production deployment for testing purposes withouthaving to configure a new state backend. Terraform data sources, local values, and modules are notfeatures that allow you to create multiple states. Reference = Workspaces and How to Use TerraformWorkspaces
Question # 18
_______backends support state locking.
A. All B. No C. Some D. Only local
Answer: C
Explanation: Some backends support state locking, which prevents other users from modifying the state file whilea Terraform operation is in progress. This prevents conflicts and data loss. Not all backends supportthis feature, and you can check the documentation for each backend type to see if it does.
Question # 19
It is best practice to store secret data in the same version control repository as your Terraform
configuration.
A. True B. False
Answer: B
Explanation: It is not a best practice to store secret data in the same version control repository as your Terraformconfiguration, as it could expose your sensitive information to unauthorized parties or compromiseyour security. You should use environment variables, vaults, or other mechanisms to store andprovide secret data to Terraform.
Question # 20
Which of the following does terraform apply change after you approve the execution plan? (Choosetwo.)
A. Cloud infrastructure Most Voted B. The .terraform directory C. The execution plan D. State file E. Terraform code
Answer: AD Explanation: The terraform apply command changes both the cloud infrastructure and the state file after youapprove the execution plan. The command creates, updates, or destroys the infrastructure resourcesto match the configuration. It also updates the state file to reflect the new state of the infrastructure.The .terraform directory, the execution plan, and the Terraform code are not changed bythe terraform apply command. Reference = Command: apply and Purpose of Terraform State
