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ISC2 SSCP Sample Questions
Question # 1
Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding a digital signature?
A. It is a method used to encrypt confidential data. B. It is the art of transferring handwritten signature to electronic media. C. It allows the recipient of data to prove the source and integrity of data. D. It can be used as a signature system and a cryptosystem.
Answer: C Explanation:Source: TIPTON, Hal, (ISC)2, Introduction to the CISSP Exam presentation.
Question # 2
Which of the following standards concerns digital certificates?
A. X.400 B. X.25 C. X.509 D. X.75
Answer: C Explanation:X.509 is used in digital certificates. X.400 is used in e-mail as a message handling protocol. X.25is a standard for the network and data link levels of a communication network and X.75 is astandard defining ways of connecting two X.25 networks.Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the TenDomains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 4: Cryptography (page 164).
Question # 3
Which of the following offers confidentiality to an e-mail message?
A. The sender encrypting it with its private key. B. The sender encrypting it with its public key. C. The sender encrypting it with the receiver's public key. D. The sender encrypting it with the receiver's private key.
Answer: C Explanation:An e-mail message's confidentiality is protected when encrypted with the receiver's public key,because he is the only one able to decrypt the message. The sender is not supposed to have thereceiver's private key. By encrypting a message with its private key, anybody possessing thecorresponding public key would be able to read the message. By encrypting the message with itspublic key, not even the receiver would be able to read the message.Source: HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide, McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2002,chapter 8: Cryptography (page 517).
Question # 4
Which of the following protects Kerberos against replay attacks?
A. Tokens B. Passwords C. Cryptography D. Time stamps
Answer: D Explanation:A replay attack refers to the recording and retransmission of packets on the network. Kerberosuses time stamps, which protect against this type of attack.Source: HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide, McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2002,chapter 8: Cryptography (page 581).
Question # 5
Which of the following is not a DES mode of operation?
A. Cipher block chaining B. Electronic code book C. Input feedback D. Cipher feedback
Answer: C Explanation:Output feedback (OFB) is a DES mode of operation, not input feedback.Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the TenDomains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 4: Cryptography (page 149).
Question # 6
Which of the following algorithms is used today for encryption in PGP?
A. RSA B. IDEA C. Blowfish D. RC5
Answer: B Explanation:The Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) email encryption system was developed by Phil Zimmerman. Forencrypting messages, it actually uses AES with up to 256-bit keys, CAST, TripleDES, IDEA andTwofish. RSA is also used in PGP, but only for symmetric key exchange and for digital signatures,but not for encryption.Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the TenDomains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 4: Cryptography (pages 154,169).More info on PGP can be found on their site at http://www.pgp.com/display.php?pageID=29.
Question # 7
What size is an MD5 message digest (hash)?
A. 128 bits B. 160 bits C. 256 bits D. 128 bytes
Answer: A Explanation:MD5 is a one-way hash function producing a 128-bit message digest from the input message,through 4 rounds of transformation. MD5 is specified as an Internet Standard (RFC1312).Reference(s) used for this question:TIPTON, Hal, (ISC)2, Introduction to the CISSP Exam presentation.
Question # 8
What is the maximum allowable key size of the Rijndael encryption algorithm?
A. 128 bits B. 192 bits C. 256 bits D. 512 bits
Answer: C Explanation:The Rijndael algorithm, chosen as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) to replace DES, canbe categorized as an iterated block cipher with a variable block length and key length that can beindependently chosen as 128, 192 or 256 bits.Below you have a summary of the differences between AES and Rijndael.AES is the advanced encryption standard defined by FIPS 197. It is implemented differently thanRijndael:FIPS-197 specifies that the block size must always be 128 bits in AES, and that the key size maybe either 128, 192, or 256 bits. Therefore AES-128, AES-192, and AES-256 are actually:Key Size (bits) Number of roundsBlock Size (bits)AES-128128 10 Rounds128AES-192192 12 Rounds128AES-256256 14 Rounds128Some book will say "up to 9 rounds will be done with a 128 bits keys". Really it is 10 roundsbecause you must include round zero which is the first round.By contrast, the Rijndael specification per se is specified with block and key sizes that may be anymultiple of 32 bits, both with a minimum of 128 and a maximum of 256 bits.Reference(s) used for this question:KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains ofComputer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 4: Cryptography (page 153).andFIPS 197andhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard
Question # 9
Which of the following service is not provided by a public key infrastructure (PKI)?
A. Access control B. Integrity C. Authentication D. Reliability
Answer: D Explanation:A Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) provides confidentiality, access control, integrity, authenticationand non-repudiation.It does not provide reliability services.Reference(s) used for this question:TIPTON, Hal, (ISC)2, Introduction to the CISSP Exam presentation.
Question # 10
In a Public Key Infrastructure, how are public keys published?
A. They are sent via e-mail. B. Through digital certificates. C. They are sent by owners. D. They are not published.
Answer: B Explanation:Public keys are published through digital certificates, signed by certification authority (CA), bindingthe certificate to the identity of its bearer.A bit more details:Although “Digital Certificates” is the best (or least wrong!) in the list of answers presented, for thepast decade public keys have been published (ie: made known to the World) by the means of aLDAP server or a key distribution server (ex.: http://pgp.mit.edu/). An indirect publishing method isthrough OCSP servers (to validate digital signatures’ CRL)Reference used for this question:TIPTON, Hal, (ISC)2, Introduction to the CISSP Exam presentation.andhttp://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd361898.aspx
Question # 11
Which of the following is NOT a property of the Rijndael block cipher algorithm?
A. The key sizes must be a multiple of 32 bits B. Maximum block size is 256 bits C. Maximum key size is 512 bits D. The key size does not have to match the block size
Answer: C Explanation:The above statement is NOT true and thus the correct answer. The maximum key size on Rijndaelis 256 bits.There are some differences between Rijndael and the official FIPS-197 specification for AES.Rijndael specification per se is specified with block and key sizes that must be a multiple of 32bits, both with a minimum of 128 and a maximum of 256 bits. Namely, Rijndael allows for both keyand block sizes to be chosen independently from the set of { 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 } bits. (Andthe key size does not in fact have to match the block size).However, FIPS-197 specifies that the block size must always be 128 bits in AES, and that the keysize may be either 128, 192, or 256 bits. Therefore AES-128, AES-192, and AES-256 are actually:Key Size (bits) Block Size (bits)AES-128 128 128AES-192 192 128AES-256 256 128So in short:Rijndael and AES differ only in the range of supported values for the block length and cipher keylength.For Rijndael, the block length and the key length can be independently specified to any multiple of32 bits, with a minimum of 128 bits, and a maximum of 256 bits.AES fixes the block length to 128 bits, and supports key lengths of 128, 192 or 256 bits only.References used for this question:http://blogs.msdn.com/b/shawnfa/archive/2006/10/09/the-differences-between-rijndael-andaes.aspxandhttp://csrc.nist.gov/CryptoToolkit/aes/rijndael/Rijndael.pdf
Question # 12
What principle focuses on the uniqueness of separate objects that must be joined together toperform a task? It is sometimes referred to as “what each must bring” and joined together whengetting access or decrypting a file. Each of which does not reveal the other?
A. Dual control B. Separation of duties C. Split knowledge D. Need to know
Answer: C Explanation:Split knowledge involves encryption keys being separated into two components, each of whichdoes not reveal the other. Split knowledge is the other complementary access control principle todual control.In cryptographic terms, one could say dual control and split knowledge are properly implemented ifno one person has access to or knowledge of the content of the complete cryptographic key beingprotected by the two rocesses.The sound implementation of dual control and split knowledge in a cryptographic environmentnecessarily means that the quickest way to break the key would be through the best attack knownfor the algorithm of that key. The principles of dual control and split knowledge primarily apply toaccess to plaintext keys.Access to cryptographic keys used for encrypting and decrypting data or access to keys that areencrypted under a master key (which may or may not be maintained under dual control and splitknowledge) do not require dual control and split knowledge. Dual control and split knowledge canbe summed up as the determination of any part of a key being protected must require the collusionbetween two or more persons with each supplying unique cryptographic materials that must bejoined together to access the protected key.Any feasible method to violate the axiom means that the principles of dual control and splitknowledge are not being upheld.Split knowledge is the unique “what each must bring” and joined together when implementing dualcontrol. To illustrate, a box containing petty cash is secured by one combination lock and onekeyed lock. One employee is given the combination to the combo lock and another employee haspossession of the correct key to the keyed lock.In order to get the cash out of the box both employees must be present at the cash box at thesame time. One cannot open the box without the other. This is the aspect of dual control.On the other hand, split knowledge is exemplified here by the different objects (the combination tothe combo lock and the correct physical key), both of which are unique and necessary, that eachbrings to the meeting. Split knowledge focuses on the uniqueness of separate objects that must bejoined together.Dual control has to do with forcing the collusion of at least two or more persons to combine theirsplit knowledge to gain access to an asset. Both split knowledge and dual control complementeach other and are necessary functions that implement the segregation of duties in high integritycryptographic environments.The following are incorrect answers:Dual control is a procedure that uses two or more entities (usually persons) operating in concert toprotect a system resource, such that no single entity acting alone can access that resource. Dualcontrol is implemented as a security procedure that requires two or more persons to cometogether and collude to complete a process. In a cryptographic system the two (or more) personswould each supply a unique key, that when taken together, performs a cryptographic process.Split knowledge is the other complementary access control principle to dual control.Separation of duties - The practice of dividing the steps in a system function among differentindividuals, so as to keep a single individual from subverting the process.The need-to-know principle requires a user having necessity for access to, knowledge of, orpossession of specific information required to perform official tasks or services.Reference(s) used for this question:Schneiter, Andrew (2013-04-15). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition :Cryptography (Kindle Locations 1621-1635). . Kindle Edition.andSchneiter, Andrew (2013-04-15). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition :Cryptography (Kindle Locations 1643-1650). . Kindle Edition.andShon Harris, CISSP All In One (AIO), 6th Edition , page 126
Question # 13
Which of the following is a symmetric encryption algorithm?
A. RSA B. Elliptic Curve C. RC5 D. El Gamal
Answer: C Explanation:RC5 is a symmetric encryption algorithm. It is a block cipher of variable block length, encryptsthrough integer addition, the application of a bitwise Exclusive OR (XOR), and variable rotations.Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the TenDomains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 4: Cryptography (page 153).
Question # 14
What level of assurance for a digital certificate verifies a user's name, address, social securitynumber, and other information against a credit bureau database?
A. Level 1/Class 1 B. Level 2/Class 2 C. Level 3/Class 3 D. Level 4/Class 4
Answer: B Explanation:Users can obtain certificates with various levels of assurance. Here is a list that describe each ofthem:- Class 1/Level 1 for individuals, intended for email, no proof of identityFor example, level 1 certificates verify electronic mail addresses. This is done through the use of apersonal information number that a user would supply when asked to register. This level ofcertificate may also provide a name as well as an electronic mail address; however, it may or maynot be a genuine name (i.e., it could be an alias). This proves that a human being will reply back ifyou send an email to that name or email address.- Class 2/Level 2 is for organizations and companies for which proof of identity is requiredLevel 2 certificates verify a user's name, address, social security number, and other informationagainst a credit bureau database.- Class 3/Level 3 is for servers and software signing, for which independent verification andchecking of identity and authority is done by the issuing certificate authorityLevel 3 certificates are available to companies. This level of certificate provides photo identificationto accompany the other items of information provided by a level 2 certificate.- Class 4 for online business transactions between companies- Class 5 for private organizations or governmental securityReferences:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_certificate veriSign introduced the concept of classes of digitalcertificates:Also see:Source: TIPTON, Harold F. & KRAUSE, Micki, Information Security Management Handbook, 4thedition (volume 1), 2000, CRC Press, Chapter 3, Secured Connections to External Networks(page 54).
Question # 15
What algorithm has been selected as the AES algorithm, replacing the DES algorithm?
A. RC6 B. Twofish C. Rijndael D. Blowfish
Answer: C Explanation:On October 2, 2000, NIST announced the selection of the Rijndael Block Cipher, developed by theBelgian cryptographers Dr. Joan Daemen and Dr. Vincent Rijmen, as the proposed AESalgorithm. Twofish and RC6 were also candidates. Blowfish is also a symmetric algorithm butwasn't a finalist for a replacement for DES.Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the TenDomains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 4: Cryptography (page 152).
Question # 16
Which of the following statements pertaining to block ciphers is incorrect?
A. It operates on fixed-size blocks of plaintext. B. It is more suitable for software than hardware implementations. C. Plain text is encrypted with a public key and decrypted with a private key. D. Some Block ciphers can operate internally as a stream.
Answer: C Explanation:Block ciphers do not use public cryptography (private and public keys).Block ciphers is a type of symmetric-key encryption algorithm that transforms a fixed-size block ofplaintext (unencrypted text) data into a block of ciphertext (encrypted text) data of the same length.They are appropriate for software implementations and can operate internally as a stream. Seemore info below about DES in Output Feedback Mode (OFB), which makes use internally of astream cipher.The output feedback (OFB) mode makes a block cipher into a synchronous stream cipher. Itgenerates keystream blocks, which are then XORed with the plaintext blocks to get the ciphertext.Just as with other stream ciphers, flipping a bit in the ciphertext produces a flipped bit in theplaintext at the same location. This property allows many error correcting codes to functionnormally even when applied before encryption.Reference(s) used for this question:Wikipedia on Block Cipher mode at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher_mode_of_operationandhttp://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/fip81.htm
Question # 17
What can be defined as secret communications where the very existence of the message is hidden?
A. Clustering B. Steganography C. Cryptology D. Vernam cipher
Answer: B Explanation:Steganography is a secret communication where the very existence of the message is hidden. Forexample, in a digital image, the least significant bit of each word can be used to comprise amessage without causing any significant change in the image. Key clustering is a situation inwhich a plaintext message generates identical ciphertext messages using the same transformationalgorithm but with different keys. Cryptology encompasses cryptography and cryptanalysis. TheVernam Cipher, also called a one-time pad, is an encryption scheme using a random key of thesame size as the message and is used only once. It is said to be unbreakable, even with infiniteresources.Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the TenDomains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 4: Cryptography (page 134).
Question # 18
Which of the following BEST describes a function relying on a shared secret key that is used alongwith a hashing algorithm to verify the integrity of the communication content as well as the sender?
A. Message Authentication Code - MAC B. PAM - Pluggable Authentication Module C. NAM - Negative Acknowledgement Message D. Digital Signature Certificate
Answer: A Explanation:The purpose of a message authentication code - MAC is to verify both the source and messageintegrity without the need for additional processes.A MAC algorithm, sometimes called a keyed (cryptographic) hash function (however,cryptographic hash function is only one of the possible ways to generate MACs), accepts as inputa secret key and an arbitrary-length message to be authenticated, and outputs a MAC (sometimesknown as a tag). The MAC value protects both a message's data integrity as well as itsauthenticity, by allowing verifiers (who also possess the secret key) to detect any changes to themessage content.MACs differ from digital signatures as MAC values are both generated and verified using the samesecret key. This implies that the sender and receiver of a message must agree on the same keybefore initiating communications, as is the case with symmetric encryption. For the same reason,MACs do not provide the property of non-repudiation offered by signatures specifically in the caseof a network-wide shared secret key: any user who can verify a MAC is also capable of generatingMACs for other messages.In contrast, a digital signature is generated using the private key of a key pair, which is asymmetricencryption. Since this private key is only accessible to its holder, a digital signature proves that adocument was signed by none other than that holder. Thus, digital signatures do offer nonrepudiation.The following answers are incorrect:PAM - Pluggable Authentication Module: This isn't the right answer. There is no known messageauthentication function called a PAM. However, a pluggable authentication module (PAM) is amechanism to integrate multiple low-level authentication schemes and commonly used within theLinux Operating System.NAM - Negative Acknowledgement Message: This isn't the right answer. There is no knownmessage authentication function called a NAM. The proper term for a negative acknowledgementis NAK, it is a signal used in digital communications to ensure that data is received with aminimum of errors.Digital Signature Certificate: This isn't right. As it is explained and contrasted in the explanationsprovided above.The following reference(s) was used to create this question:The CCCure Computer Based Tutorial for Security+, you can subscribe at http://www.cccure.tvandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_authentication_code
Question # 19
What uses a key of the same length as the message where each bit or character from the plaintext is encrypted by a modular addition?
A. Running key cipher B. One-time pad C. Steganography D. Cipher block chaining
Answer: B Explanation:In cryptography, the one-time pad (OTP) is a type of encryption that is impossible to crack if usedcorrectly. Each bit or character from the plaintext is encrypted by a modular addition with a bit orcharacter from a secret random key (or pad) of the same length as the plaintext, resulting in aciphertext. If the key is truly random, at least as long as the plaintext, never reused in whole orpart, and kept secret, the ciphertext will be impossible to decrypt or break without knowing the key.It has also been proven that any cipher with the perfect secrecy property must use keys witheffectively the same requirements as OTP keys. However, practical problems have prevented onetime pads from being widely used.First described by Frank Miller in 1882, the one-time pad was re-invented in 1917 and patented acouple of years later. It is derived from the Vernam cipher, named after Gilbert Vernam, one of itsinventors. Vernam's system was a cipher that combined a message with a key read from apunched tape. In its original form, Vernam's system was vulnerable because the key tape was aloop, which was reused whenever the loop made a full cycle. One-time use came a little laterwhen Joseph Mauborgne recognized that if the key tape were totally random, cryptanalysis wouldbe impossible.The "pad" part of the name comes from early implementations where the key material wasdistributed as a pad of paper, so the top sheet could be easily torn off and destroyed after use. Foreasy concealment, the pad was sometimes reduced to such a small size that a powerfulmagnifying glass was required to use it. Photos show captured KGB pads that fit in the palm ofone's hand, or in a walnut shell. To increase security, one-time pads were sometimes printed ontosheets of highly flammable nitrocellulose so they could be quickly burned.The following are incorrect answers:A running key cipher uses articles in the physical world rather than an electronic algorithm. Inclassical cryptography, the running key cipher is a type of polyalphabetic substitution cipher inwhich a text, typically from a book, is used to provide a very long keystream. Usually, the book tobe used would be agreed ahead of time, while the passage to use would be chosen randomly foreach message and secretly indicated somewhere in the message.The Running Key cipher has the same internal workings as the Vigenere cipher. The differencelies in how the key is chosen; the Vigenere cipher uses a short key that repeats, whereas therunning key cipher uses a long key such as an excerpt from a book. This means the key does notrepeat, making cryptanalysis more difficult. The cipher can still be broken though, as there arestatistical patterns in both the key and the plaintext which can be exploited.Steganography is a method where the very existence of the message is concealed. It is the artand science of encoding hidden messages in such a way that no one, apart from the sender andintended recipient, suspects the existence of the message. it is sometimes referred to as Hiding inPlain Sight.Cipher block chaining is a DES operating mode. IBM invented the cipher-block chaining (CBC)mode of operation in 1976. In CBC mode, each block of plaintext is XORed with the previousciphertext block before being encrypted. This way, each ciphertext block depends on all plaintextblocks processed up to that point. To make each message unique, an initialization vector must beused in the first block.Reference(s) used for this question:HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide, McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2002, chapter8: Cryptography (page 555).andhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-time_padhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_key_cipherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher_block_chaining#Cipher-block_chaining_.28CBC.29
Question # 20
Which of the following is true about link encryption?
A. Each entity has a common key with the destination node. B. Encrypted messages are only decrypted by the final node. C. This mode does not provide protection if anyone of the nodes along the transmission path is compromised. D. Only secure nodes are used in this type of transmission.
Answer: C Explanation:In link encryption, each entity has keys in common with its two neighboring nodes in thetransmission chain.Thus, a node receives the encrypted message from its predecessor, decrypts it, and then re773encrypts it with a new key, common to the successor node. Obviously, this mode does not provideprotection if anyone of the nodes along the transmission path is compromised.Encryption can be performed at different communication levels, each with different types ofprotection and implications. Two general modes of encryption implementation are link encryptionand end-to-end encryption.Link encryption encrypts all the data along a specific communication path, as in a satellite link, T3line, or telephone circuit. Not only is the user information encrypted, but the header, trailers,addresses, and routing data that are part of the packets are also encrypted. The only traffic notencrypted in this technology is the data link control messaging information, which includesinstructions and parameters that the different link devices use to synchronize communicationmethods. Link encryption provides protection against packet sniffers and eavesdroppers.In end-to-end encryption, the headers, addresses, routing, and trailer information are notencrypted, enabling attackers to learn more about a captured packet and where it is headed.Reference(s) used for this question:Harris, Shon (2012-10-25). CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, 6th Edition (pp. 845-846). McGraw-Hill.And:KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains ofComputer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 4: Cryptography (page 132).
ISC2 SSCP Exam Reviews
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